http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=chk&wcsuffix=1000
http://www.mrspage.com/life.php
https://sites.google.com/site/nicolkardos/life
http://www.brainpop.com/science/
Tuesday, April 22, 2014
Helpful Websites
http://www.funnelbrain.com/sid-448-7th-grade-science.html
http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=chk&wcsuffix=1000
http://www.mrspage.com/life.php
https://sites.google.com/site/nicolkardos/life
http://www.brainpop.com/science/
http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=chk&wcsuffix=1000
http://www.mrspage.com/life.php
https://sites.google.com/site/nicolkardos/life
http://www.brainpop.com/science/
Mind Map Review
This website is the link to an electronic mind map. This mind map covers everything that we have gone over.
http://creately.com/diagram/htsx2mz0/ObWaYyrWds6kqGhyuDxx4rBcaU%3D
http://creately.com/diagram/htsx2mz0/ObWaYyrWds6kqGhyuDxx4rBcaU%3D
Unit 5 - Evolution
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| Evolution of Man |
Adaptations:
An adaptation is when an organism slowly changes it's physical appearance or it's genes. Evolution is the adaptations of millions of organisms over billions of years. Most adaptations are because the organisms within the species that don't adapt die out so you only have the adapted ones. This is called "Survival of the Fittest".
Let's use the giraffe as an example:
Lamarck (a scientist) believed that the short-necked giraffes kept stretching their necks until they were long enough to reach the high leaves on trees. We know that most of the time when you change your phenotype (refer to unit 3 post), it does not change your genotype. That's like saying: if you were to lose an arm doing something (let's say in combat), your offspring would only be born with one arm. That's insane!
Now most/all scientists believe that the giraffe used to have a short neck and ate off of the lower shrubs. Competition for the food lower to the ground got so high that the giraffes with short necks started to die out. Scientists believe that the short neck giraffes died while the ones with slightly longer necks lived a little longer to reproduce and their offspring had longer necks. This continued until all of the short neck giraffes were dead. This is an example of "Survival of the Fittest" and adaptation.
Fossils:
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| Fossil Record |
Unit 4 - Dependence of Organisms
Different types of Ecosystems:
There are two major differences between all of the ecosystems of the world, whether it is terrestrial or aquatic.
The aquatic ecosystems include: Marine (Ocean), Freshwater (Lakes, Rivers, Ponds, etc.), Estuary (part salt water and part freshwater), and Wetlands (swamps and marshes).
Terrestrial biomes include: the Tundra (Arctic), Taiga (Coniferous Forest), Alpine (mountains), Temperate Rainforest, Tropical Rainforest, Desert, Temperate Grasslands (prairie), and the Savanna (where lions and cheetahs live).
Components of an Ecosystem:
Biotic Factors:
Transfer of Matter:
There are two major differences between all of the ecosystems of the world, whether it is terrestrial or aquatic.
The aquatic ecosystems include: Marine (Ocean), Freshwater (Lakes, Rivers, Ponds, etc.), Estuary (part salt water and part freshwater), and Wetlands (swamps and marshes).
Terrestrial biomes include: the Tundra (Arctic), Taiga (Coniferous Forest), Alpine (mountains), Temperate Rainforest, Tropical Rainforest, Desert, Temperate Grasslands (prairie), and the Savanna (where lions and cheetahs live).
Components of an Ecosystem:
Biotic Factors:
- Organisms
- Species
- Populations
- Communities
- Sunlight
- Water
- Oxygen
- Temperature
- Soil
- Disease
- Weather
- Loss of Habitat
- Human Disturbance
- Old Age
- amount of available resources an environment has to support the biotic factors
- competition for food, space, etc.
there are three ways to show the transfer of matter in a diagram. You can use a food web, food chain, or energy pyramid. A food chain shows a single line of organisms while a food web shows the levels of all the organisms of the ecosystem. An energy pyramid shows how much energy each trophic level gets.
The sun is the source of all energy. Since the producers get their energy from the sun, they get the most energy. The producers are the plants and they produce their own food. Second, you have your primary consumers, they are the herbivores of the ecosystem. The primary consumers only get 10% of the energy that the plants get. The secondary consumers are the omnivores/carnivores (depending on the ecosystem). They get 10% of the primary consumer's energy. Then you might have the tertiary consumer (third level consumers), they are carnivores and get 10% of the energy of the secondary consumers. There can be more levels of consumers but most ecosystems only two or three. Lastly, you have the decomposers and scavengers. The scavengers eat the already dead animals; vultures are scavengers. The decomposers are like your mushrooms and fungi. They get rid of the dead matter in the ecosystem, kind of like the clean up crew of the ecosystem.
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| Energy Pyramid |
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Unit 3 - Genetics
Definitions for Vocabulary:
Gene - one set of instructions for an inherited trait
Heredity - the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
Dominant Trait - the trait observed in the first generation when parents have different traits and are bred
Recessive Trait - a trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred
Pedigree Chart - a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family
Sex Chromosomes - one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex/gender of an individual
Alleles - one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic; such as hair color
Phenotype - an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic
Genotype - the entire make up of an organism; also the combination of genes or one or more specific traits
Probability - the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event
Homologous Chromosomes - chromosomes that are the exact same sequence (pure-bred)
Heterozygous Chromosomes - opposite of homologous (hybrid)
Meiosis - a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decrease to half of the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which result in the production of sex cells
(definitions from Georgia Holt science and Technology Life Science Textbook)
Genes and Traits
Your genes make up the different DNA strands that end up making your separate chromosomes. You have 23 sets (of 2) chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes. You get half of your mother's chromosomes and half of you father's. You could get your father's nose and your mother's eyes, or the other way. It is "randomly selected". You will also sometimes got the recessive trait within your family, like you get your grandfather's blond hair.
Genes are sets of instructions for an inherited trait. These mini-microscopic instructions are what give us our on special traits. Traits are the special features of your body.
You have dominant traits (refer back to last post) and recessive traits (refer back to last post), your genes decide which trait you actually get, whether its the recessive trait or the dominant trait. If depends on whether you get dominant and dominant, dominant and recessive, or recessive and recessive traits. If you get any dominant trait, that trait will overshadow the recessive trait and will make you have that dominant trait as your physical look. If you get recessive and recessive, you will then have the recessive trait as your physical appearance.
Your genes make up the different double helix (type of DNA strand) DNA strands that end up making up your separate chromosomes. You have 23 sets (of 2) chromosome, or 46 separate chromosomes. You get half of your mother's chromosomes, and half of your father's chromosomes, but the traits that you receive from each parent is randomly "selected" by the chromosomes. You can get your mother's eyes but have your father's nose. You will also sometimes you will get the recessive trait within your family, so maybe only your grandmother will have blue eyes, while everyone else has some shade of brown (refer to recessive and dominant traits in earlier paragraph).
Gregor Mendel:
He is the "Father of Genetics." He was a monk that loved math and science. Gregor's special "love" though was for heredity, he wanted to see if there was a predictable pattern to it. Since he was the monastery's gardener, he decided to do an experiment with pea plants.
First he chose a pure-bred green and a pure-bred yellow pea plant. His first try, none of the pea plants were yellow, they were all green (this is the second generation of pea plants). He was very confused about this so he took two plants from the second generation and bred them. This time he saw that only 1/4 or 25% of the pea plants were yellow. With this information and a few more experiments to make sure his theory was right, he concluded that there are two alleles making/controlling a trait. Some alleles are dominant over others though. It was 30 years later that the scientific community finally saw Mendel's theory as some use.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/
Gene - one set of instructions for an inherited trait
Heredity - the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
Dominant Trait - the trait observed in the first generation when parents have different traits and are bred
Recessive Trait - a trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred
Pedigree Chart - a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family
Sex Chromosomes - one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex/gender of an individual
Alleles - one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic; such as hair color
Phenotype - an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic
Genotype - the entire make up of an organism; also the combination of genes or one or more specific traits
Probability - the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event
Homologous Chromosomes - chromosomes that are the exact same sequence (pure-bred)
Heterozygous Chromosomes - opposite of homologous (hybrid)
Meiosis - a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decrease to half of the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which result in the production of sex cells
(definitions from Georgia Holt science and Technology Life Science Textbook)
Genes and Traits
Your genes make up the different DNA strands that end up making your separate chromosomes. You have 23 sets (of 2) chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes. You get half of your mother's chromosomes and half of you father's. You could get your father's nose and your mother's eyes, or the other way. It is "randomly selected". You will also sometimes got the recessive trait within your family, like you get your grandfather's blond hair.
Genes are sets of instructions for an inherited trait. These mini-microscopic instructions are what give us our on special traits. Traits are the special features of your body.
You have dominant traits (refer back to last post) and recessive traits (refer back to last post), your genes decide which trait you actually get, whether its the recessive trait or the dominant trait. If depends on whether you get dominant and dominant, dominant and recessive, or recessive and recessive traits. If you get any dominant trait, that trait will overshadow the recessive trait and will make you have that dominant trait as your physical look. If you get recessive and recessive, you will then have the recessive trait as your physical appearance.
Your genes make up the different double helix (type of DNA strand) DNA strands that end up making up your separate chromosomes. You have 23 sets (of 2) chromosome, or 46 separate chromosomes. You get half of your mother's chromosomes, and half of your father's chromosomes, but the traits that you receive from each parent is randomly "selected" by the chromosomes. You can get your mother's eyes but have your father's nose. You will also sometimes you will get the recessive trait within your family, so maybe only your grandmother will have blue eyes, while everyone else has some shade of brown (refer to recessive and dominant traits in earlier paragraph).
Gregor Mendel:
He is the "Father of Genetics." He was a monk that loved math and science. Gregor's special "love" though was for heredity, he wanted to see if there was a predictable pattern to it. Since he was the monastery's gardener, he decided to do an experiment with pea plants.
First he chose a pure-bred green and a pure-bred yellow pea plant. His first try, none of the pea plants were yellow, they were all green (this is the second generation of pea plants). He was very confused about this so he took two plants from the second generation and bred them. This time he saw that only 1/4 or 25% of the pea plants were yellow. With this information and a few more experiments to make sure his theory was right, he concluded that there are two alleles making/controlling a trait. Some alleles are dominant over others though. It was 30 years later that the scientific community finally saw Mendel's theory as some use.
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Go to these websites for more information:
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fglowing-genetics.blogspot.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGHCcfKNr1CziyQZNVOuyilKVD--g
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fglowing-genetics.blogspot.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGHCcfKNr1CziyQZNVOuyilKVD--g
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/
Friday, April 18, 2014
Unit 2 - Human Body
The human body (and just about all other multi cellular organisms) are made up of cells. Cells - that have similar jobs - make up tissues, which (if they have similar functions) make up organs. Organs that have similar functions work as a specific system.
Cells are the smallest form of a living thing. It can function on its own but when working with other cells that have the same/close to the same jobs, they create tissues. Cells have organelles (a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and it is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer). These organelles include: mitochondria, nucleus, ATP, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosome, cell wall, cell membrane, Golgi bodies, chloroplast (only in plant cells), vesicles, and vacuole. All of these organelles have different jobs they have to do for the cell to work right. The nucleus is the "brain" of the cell, it stores the information; the mitochondria is the power house of the cell, it converts the glucose into ATP/energy. The cytoplasm is the glue, it keeps everything together; the endoplasmic reticulum transports the needed material throughout the cell, it is the highway of the cell. The ribosomes are the proteins of the cell; the lysosomes remove wastes and clean up the cell, they are the clean up crew. The Golgi bodies package the needed material, they are the UPS stores of the cell; the cell membrane and cell wall both provide a level of defense for the cell, but the cell wall is more of the wall while the cell membrane is more like a body guard. the chloroplasts are only found in producers/plant cells, they do the act of photosynthesis; the vacuole stores the water for the cell, they are the storage rooms.
Cells are the smallest form of a living thing. It can function on its own but when working with other cells that have the same/close to the same jobs, they create tissues. Cells have organelles (a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and it is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer). These organelles include: mitochondria, nucleus, ATP, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosome, cell wall, cell membrane, Golgi bodies, chloroplast (only in plant cells), vesicles, and vacuole. All of these organelles have different jobs they have to do for the cell to work right. The nucleus is the "brain" of the cell, it stores the information; the mitochondria is the power house of the cell, it converts the glucose into ATP/energy. The cytoplasm is the glue, it keeps everything together; the endoplasmic reticulum transports the needed material throughout the cell, it is the highway of the cell. The ribosomes are the proteins of the cell; the lysosomes remove wastes and clean up the cell, they are the clean up crew. The Golgi bodies package the needed material, they are the UPS stores of the cell; the cell membrane and cell wall both provide a level of defense for the cell, but the cell wall is more of the wall while the cell membrane is more like a body guard. the chloroplasts are only found in producers/plant cells, they do the act of photosynthesis; the vacuole stores the water for the cell, they are the storage rooms.
There are different types of tissues: connective, muscular, and skeletal. Then you have the organs of the body. The three major body organs are: the heart, lungs, and the brain. Several different organs make up organ systems. There are the: circulatory, skeletal, Integumentary, reproductive, digestive, endocrine, lymphatic, urinary/excretory, muscular, nervous, and immune.
Purposes of the Systems:
- Circulatory: pumping and channeling blood and needed materials throughout the body using the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Integumentary: skin, hair, and nails; protective covering
- Skeletal: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
- Reproductive: allows organisms to reproduce
- Digestive: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus
- Urinary: excretion of urine and balance of electrolytes using the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
- Respiratory: in charge of getting and exchanging oxygen for CO2 using the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm
- Endocrine:communication within the body using hormones made by the endocrine glands
- Lymphatic: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood and includes the function of immune responses and development of antibodies
- Muscular: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion (movement), and produces heat (homeostasis)
- Nervous: collecting, transferring and processing information with the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system
All of the organ systems then make up an organism. These levels of organization go for all of the different multi cellular organisms, even in organisms as small as a fly.
Website For Additional Information:
http://www.kidsbiology.com/human_biology/index.php
Unit 1 - Classification
Whan something is grouped into different categories based on certain characteristics, it is called classification. Taxonomy is a branch of biology concerned with grouping and naming organisms. You can classify organisms using cladograms, dichotomous keys, and the three domains/six kingdom system.
A dichotomous key (also known as a single access key) a key for identification of organisms based on a seris of choices between alternative characteristics.
A cladogram is a diagram used in cladistic (a system of biological taxonomy that defines taxa uniquely by shared chararcteristics not found in ancestral groups and uses inferred evolutionary relationships to arrange taxa in a branching hierarchy such that all members of a given taxon have the same ancestors) classification to illustrate phylogentic relationships.
The three domain/six kingdom system consits of three domains include: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. These domains classifiy all living things (unicellular bacteria to a Humpback Whale). The domain Archaea includes microorganisms that are unicellular, prokaryotic (cells with no nucleus), and very similar to Bacteria but they also have some charateristics that are similar to the Eukarya domain. The Bacteria domain has unicelluar microorganisms, that are prokaryotic and have very close charateristics ith the Archaea domain.
The Eukarya domain consits of eukaryotic cells (cells with a nucleus), this is the only domain that has multicelluar organisms. There are 4 kingdoms in this domain: the Plantea, Animalia, Protista, and Fungi.
In this type of classifying, there are 8 levels of classification: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Each lclassification level narrows the animals simlar qualities down until they are only grouped with the same aniamls (species).
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